Children in Victorian Time

Английский язык. Средняя школа.

1673

Свободное совместное обучение по английскому языку в средней школе.

Войти

1673

Children in Victorian Time

Просмотров: 336

Загружено: Анастасия Вагаева • Категория: Английский язык • Добавлено: 05 Июль 2018

Описание

Текст: Children in Victorian Time. Victoria was the Queen of England, from 1837 to 1901. During early Victorian times, poor children worked from the age of f...

Галина Шарова It is no secret that in Victorian England, children had to work on a par with adults. Older children could, for example, get a job at a factory or...It is no secret that in Victorian England, children had to work on a par with adults. Older children could, for example, get a job at a factory or go into the service, but even the smallest city dwellers did not shun work. So, the watercress trade was a popular activity for girls.

‌The most productive trading period fell between 6 and 10 am. Many girls had breakfast only after the cress was sold out. Breakfast was often a couple of slices of bread and butter and a cup of tea. Meat children saw only on Sundays, and then not every time. After returning home after the cress trade, the girls did not waste their time and engaged in cleaning or helping the mothers with their work.
In addition, women and children often worked in the mines, for 12 or more hours. In some mines, they were required to lift baskets of coal to the surface, in others to pull a truck loaded with coal behind them, which was tied to the waist with a chain. To do this, you had to move on all fours. Children often pulled trolleys on a par with adults, or opened the shutter, so that the trolleys could pass. In 1842, 2,350 women worked in the mines, one third of them in Lancashire. But in 1842, the work of women underground was prohibited by law. After 1842, women and girls worked on the surface, mainly in the sorting of coal. They were called pit brow lasses
But the most famous children's profession of the 19th century is, of course, the chimney sweep. The houses were then heated mostly with coal. When the fuel burns, soot is released, which partially settles on the pipe walls. To the fireplaces worked efficiently, not smoked, the pipes had to be cleaned from time to time. But the chimney is not a football field, it was often very narrow. Therefore, to clean the pipes required or special equipment, or chimney sweeps of small stature. Children, in other words. Well, since children were cheaper than new technologies, the British preferred to use them.

As an apprentice, chimney sweeps were usually given to orphaned boys as young as 4 years old - the less the better. Orphanage orphanages in this way wanted to “equip the future” of their pupils. In addition, it was legitimate to force strollers to this work. The owner of a small apprentice undertook to dress him, feed him and teach him skills. Theoretically, the apprentice could serve as an assistant chimney sweep, but most of the boys, when their height did not allow to climb into the pipes, were forced to look for another job. And some died at a young age, because the profession of a chimney sweep was associated with serious risk.

The job was to get into the pipe and clean it with a scraper or brush. Some children at first were afraid to climb up the pipe, suddenly still stuck. It was a common practice to light some straw or paper in the fireplace to force the chimney sweep up. Hence the expression, to light a fire under you. Of course, they did not have protective clothing or respirators. In some cases, children stuck in the pipes, broke down or died right in the pipe, suffocating from the dust. And you can only imagine what kind of psychological damage they received, each day climbing into a narrow space.

The owners rarely cared about the welfare of apprentices, because a small chimney sweep is not a long-term investment, it is needed only until it grows up. Children slept in basements or in attics. They were fed poorly, because the thinner the apprentice, the more useful he is. In addition, small chimney sweeps rarely washed - no one would warm up the water for them - so layers of soot accumulated on their bodies year after year. Constant contact of the skin and soot led, in particular, to scrotal cancer (not to mention lung cancer and tuberculosis).

Nobody really cared about their physical condition, but the spiritual development of young workers was strictly followed. According to the London laws, apprentices of chimney sweeps could work only 6 days a week.Sunday was a day off when boys had to attend Sunday school to study the Bible. One can only imagine how children felt who never knew mercy when faced with such hypocrisy. On the other hand, religion gave them consolation and chased away loneliness. This ambiguous feeling is reflected in the poems of William Blake.

In 1803, the Society for the Replacement of Chimney Children was formed, the purpose of which was to find equipment capable of cleaning pipes without the use of child labor. These brushes were actually invented as early as the 18th century and improved by Joseph Glass in 1828. But it was still cheaper to use children. In 1804, 1817, and 1819, attempts were made to ban the hiring of children under 10 years old, but all the bills and political campaigns did not bring any result. Only in 1840m, the Parliament banned people under the age of 21 from climbing pipes. Unfortunately, the fines were so small that few people stopped this law. But in 1864, by the efforts of Lord Shafstbury, the fine was raised. This new measure has received both legal and public support, and the exploitation of small chimney sweeps has declined. Показать больше 8 года назад

It is no secret that in Victorian England, children had to work on a par with adults. Older children could, for example, get a job at a factory or go into the service, but even the smallest city dwellers did not shun work. So, the watercress trade was a popular activity for girls. ‌The most productive trading period fell between 6 and 10 am. Many girls had breakfast only after the cress was sold out. Breakfast was often a couple of slices of bread and butter and a cup of tea. Meat children saw only on Sundays, and then not every time. After returning home after the cress trade, the girls did not waste their time and engaged in cleaning or helping the mothers with their work. In addition, women and children often worked in the mines, for 12 or more hours. In some mines, they were required to lift baskets of coal to the surface, in others to pull a truck loaded with coal behind them, which was tied to the waist with a chain. To do this, you had to move on all fours. Children often pulled trolleys on a par with adults, or opened the shutter, so that the trolleys could pass. In 1842, 2,350 women worked in the mines, one third of them in Lancashire. But in 1842, the work of women underground was prohibited by law. After 1842, women and girls worked on the surface, mainly in the sorting of coal. They were called pit brow lasses But the most famous children's profession of the 19th century is, of course, the chimney sweep. The houses were then heated mostly with coal. When the fuel burns, soot is released, which partially settles on the pipe walls. To the fireplaces worked efficiently, not smoked, the pipes had to be cleaned from time to time. But the chimney is not a football field, it was often very narrow. Therefore, to clean the pipes required or special equipment, or chimney sweeps of small stature. Children, in other words. Well, since children were cheaper than new technologies, the British preferred to use them. As an apprentice, chimney sweeps were usually given to orphaned boys as young as 4 years old - the less the better. Orphanage orphanages in this way wanted to “equip the future” of their pupils. In addition, it was legitimate to force strollers to this work. The owner of a small apprentice undertook to dress him, feed him and teach him skills. Theoretically, the apprentice could serve as an assistant chimney sweep, but most of the boys, when their height did not allow to climb into the pipes, were forced to look for another job. And some died at a young age, because the profession of a chimney sweep was associated with serious risk. The job was to get into the pipe and clean it with a scraper or brush. Some children at first were afraid to climb up the pipe, suddenly still stuck. It was a common practice to light some straw or paper in the fireplace to force the chimney sweep up. Hence the expression, to light a fire under you. Of course, they did not have protective clothing or respirators. In some cases, children stuck in the pipes, broke down or died right in the pipe, suffocating from the dust. And you can only imagine what kind of psychological damage they received, each day climbing into a narrow space. The owners rarely cared about the welfare of apprentices, because a small chimney sweep is not a long-term investment, it is needed only until it grows up. Children slept in basements or in attics. They were fed poorly, because the thinner the apprentice, the more useful he is. In addition, small chimney sweeps rarely washed - no one would warm up the water for them - so layers of soot accumulated on their bodies year after year. Constant contact of the skin and soot led, in particular, to scrotal cancer (not to mention lung cancer and tuberculosis). Nobody really cared about their physical condition, but the spiritual development of young workers was strictly followed. According to the London laws, apprentices of chimney sweeps could work only 6 days a week.Sunday was a day off when boys had to attend Sunday school to study the Bible. One can only imagine how children felt who never knew mercy when faced with such hypocrisy. On the other hand, religion gave them consolation and chased away loneliness. This ambiguous feeling is reflected in the poems of William Blake. In 1803, the Society for the Replacement of Chimney Children was formed, the purpose of which was to find equipment capable of cleaning pipes without the use of child labor. These brushes were actually invented as early as the 18th century and improved by Joseph Glass in 1828. But it was still cheaper to use children. In 1804, 1817, and 1819, attempts were made to ban the hiring of children under 10 years old, but all the bills and political campaigns did not bring any result. Only in 1840m, the Parliament banned people under the age of 21 from climbing pipes. Unfortunately, the fines were so small that few people stopped this law. But in 1864, by the efforts of Lord Shafstbury, the fine was raised. This new measure has received both legal and public support, and the exploitation of small chimney sweeps has declined.

Английский язык. Средняя школа.

Children in Victorian Time

Просмотров: 336

Описание

Комментарии